new york times book review lincoln
new york times book review lincoln
Functions of the Koran Stylistics
INTRODUCTION
Surah Al-Mursalát is a chapter of Mecca. Is the subject of the complaint against the horrors From Day Trial for those who reject the truth. Was also asked to believe. The timing of the revelation of this Surah is the fourth years before the migration of the Prophet. The phrase "Oh Oh, that day, the unbelievers of the truth! "It is in these ten times Sura fifty verses an average of once every five verses. Warning indicates calls for humility and focus on sincere repentance of God.
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
1.By Winds () Transmission
One after another
(For the man nonprofit);
2. Which then blow violently
In Gust storm
3. And scatter (things)
The long and wide;
4. After their separation,
One of the other
5. Then spread
Reminder
6. As an excuse
Or the warning;
7. In truth, what you
Promise should occur
8. When stars
Increasingly precarious
9. When the sky
Is split,
10. When mountains are
Scattered (winds) as dust;
11. And when the messengers
If (all) appointed a time
(Fee):
12. What are these days
(Portents) deferred?
13. For the Day of Judgement.
14. And hence
For you what
The Day of Judgement?
15. Alas for that day
For the disbelievers of Truth!
16. Do not destroy
The men of old
(To be false)?
17. Therefore, we do later (generations)
Follow them.
18. If what we do
With men of sin
19. Alas, that day;
For the unbelievers!
20. Have we not created
You a fluid
(Stop) despicable?
21. We filed
In a place of rest
Firmly fixed
22. During a period (of gestation)
Undecided?
23. To determine what we do
Us
They are the best, to determine (things)
ay 24.Ah this day!
For the unbelievers!
25. We did
The land (as applicable)
To gather
26. The living and the dead,
27. And thereby
Mountain farms in
Sublime (size);
And always for you
Water sweet (and healthy)?
28. Alas, that day;
For the unbelievers!
29. (They will say:)
Go
What you used to reject
How true!
30. "Go the shade
(To smoke)
In three columns,
31. "(It yields) no shade
freshness and
Cons of any use
The ferocious fire.
32. "In fact the press on
Sparks (Large) as the strong man
33. "As if there were
(A string) yellow camels
(Forward). "
34. Alas for that day
For the unbelievers!
35.That will someday
When he is not
Able speak
36. Nor
Open to the
Apologize.
37. To this day;
For disbelievers!
38. This will be a day
The Judgement! Let
Get together all
And those who place (you)!
39.Now if you
A round (or plot)
Use it against me!
40. Oh, that day
For the unbelievers!
SECTION 2
41. As for the righteous,
Will in the middle
(Cool) shades and springs
(Water).
42. And (you)
Fruits – everything I want.
43. "Eat and drink Ye Ye
For the contents of his heart:
For that you worked
(Justice).
44. We indeed
Reward those who do good
45. Alas for that day
One of those who cried!
46. (Oh unfair!)
Eat and fun
(But) a bit of time,
For you sinners.
47. Alas for that day
To the infidels of the Truth!
48. And when we say
For them, "Prostrate yourselves!"
They do not.
49. Oh, that day
For disbelievers!
50. Then Message
After that
Do you believe?
(Abdullah, 1983:1870).
The stylistic analysis of seventy years SEVENTH Surah Al Mursalát by Abdullah Yusuf Ali
I n the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
1. For Winds () Transmission
One after another
(For the benefit of man);
Analysis: a verse begins with the preposition "with". Messages of Allah are propagated through the prophets. Winds () refer to the notes that are spread through the prophets. Therefore, a line contains a metaphor. "This article is used in short" el "(winds). Line two is a language, one after the other" which gives an effect of continuity. Line three – "(A delivery man)" – means that the message of Allah to the prophets are brought to man his own good and one is invited to believe in the spiritual welfare of man. It is a resource that the Day of Judgement is required to come we must prepare for this.
2. What then blow violently
In stormy gusts,
Analysis: "wind" in the verse is made as and violent tornadoes strong – "Which then blow violently." Burst stormy "describes the violent force of the wind and figuratively. According to the Oxford dictionary, means a sudden and violent wind. Then the wind blew violently and sudden advances. Verse two continues the metaphor that describes the major disruption caused by the prophets were in their mission to disseminate messages God. They destroyed evil in order to build a good foundation of beliefs through messages from God. Metaphorically, these winds are helping to make the revelation Allah's accessible to listeners and ask us to believe that his promise of mercy and justice on the Day of Judgement is true.
3. And scatter (things)
Everywhere;
Analysis: The metaphor continues with about three describe the action of "winds" were sent by God. Verse three begins with the conjunction "And". Prophets disseminate messages of Allah everywhere. "Far from the scale" is another language. This language also describes the strength and power of the wind "to be able "to scatter (things) off." In other words, the prophets have proclaimed their truths (message of Allah) the length and width, without fear. Distributed thank you Allah that winds metaphorically distribute seeds of good.
4. Then separate the
One of the other
Analysis: "The Wind" metaphorically continue their mission. The prophets, while on his mission to spread messages of Allah ordered the believers and the rebels who were against the messages of Allah. Verse four starts with the conjunction "and beyond." "Another" is a term that refers to the distinction between two things. In this case, the believers and rebels, or infidels. Resolving between good and evil among men.
5. Then spread
A reminder
Analysis: After separating believers from unbelievers, is a Recall the distribution abroad. 'Then about five intimate in "spread" is a phrase that makes all the sense of believers or non-believers everyone will receive a reminder. Winds (Los Angeles) is the body through the messages of Allah and the revelations are transported to the prophets. In other words, the winds are powerful factors in the physical world, the angels in the spiritual world and the prophets in the human world to connect with the spiritual world.
6. As an excuse
Or the warning;
Analysis: Verse six, then spreads to believers and non believers are reminded of the logic and disbelivers receive a reminder alert. Justification refers to The reward for the believers and warning concerning the punishment for the unbelievers. About six starts with "if", followed by the introduction Alternatives – Justification or warning. Preposition "of" is repeated – as an excuse or warning. About five fifty-nine are Currently that is timeless and universal. messages were sent by Allah that men are justified only by repentance and the bad are aware of their sins.
7. In truth, what you
Promise occur.
Analysis: The verse seven preparing for a day is bound to come – the Day of Judgement. "You" is used to refer to both believers and nonbelievers. Verse seven led to eight to eleven verses that describe the signs of the Day of Judgement. Resurrection will be established.
8. When the stars
Increasingly precarious
Analysis: The first sign of Judgement Day is described in this surah in verse eight – "the stars lose their light." Then "conjunction begins in verse eight. The stars lose their shine or gloss. It is not "article" as defined in the stars "."
9. When the sky
Is split,
Analysis: When is repeated – "when the stars are their light" in verse eight "When the sky will break" in verse nine. This is not "section "Within the meaning of" heaven ". "Cleave" means broken in pieces, like an explosion.
10. When the mountains are
Scattered (The wind) as dust;
Analysis: Ten Signs continues to show a sign of Judgement Day. " When "is repeated in verses eight and nine. It is not" article "as defined in the mountain. The mountains will be uprooted and flying in the wind like dust.
11. And when the messengers
If (all) appointed a time
(For the collection), -
Analysis: "Y" in verse begins with eleven. "When" is repeated in verses eight to eleven. This is not "article" within the meaning of "messengers". "The Messengers "refer to the prophets who lived and died at different times. One of the signs of Day of Judgement all the prophets will meet at the same time. The verses are from eight to eleven at present is that timeless and universal.
12. What are these days
(Omens) deferred?
Analysis: The twelfth verse wonder what these signs or signals in verses eight to eleven brand. The conjunction "for" is used to start the question. Question in the twelfth verse leads to the response in thirteen verses.
13. For the Day of Judgement.
Analysis: Verse thirteen verse twelve responses to the word "To" as well. "The Day of Decision" is equivalent to the effect that the Day of Judgement. "Sorting" is mainly used to indicate that there is a separation of good and bad actions, believers and nonbelievers. Judgement day the day the decision is when the good times to be completely separated from evil.
14. How
To what
The Day of Judgement?
Analysis: With the word "and" fourteen lines calls what else could be informed about the Day of Judgement – much has been said so far already. "Ti" in the second line is used to refer to both unbelievers and believers. Men who have rejected the truth and falsehood has prospered is that, in fact, be nothing. They will be punished.
15. Woe to date
For the unbelievers!
Analysis: is a warning to the unbelievers, to recall the day of the trial and told them to believe. Sounds like a dirge over sin.
16. We do not destroy
Older men
(To be false)?
Analysis: sixteen to eighteen verses describe the law of Allah, which is timeless and universal – no change. Allah is the law of sin Corruption and prepares its own destruction. The sixteen verse says one of those sinners who have been destroyed before. sixteen lines increased.
17. So we
Later (generations)
Follow them.
Analysis: Verse seventeen starts with the word "So" and tells him who the sinners the future will be destroyed. "We" refers to God. "They" refers to the sinners of the past. Seventeen verses in the future.
18. It's like trying
With men of sin.
Analysis: The verse eighteen starts with the conjunction "and" and says that sinners are destroyed in the same way today. "We" refers to God. eighteen verse is in present time is timeless and universal.
19. Unfortunately that day;
For the unbelievers!
Analysis: This warning is repeated to the unbelievers for the second time.
This warning was repeated ten times more of this sura.
20. We created
You a fluid
(Place) despicable? –
Analysis: The verses twenty to twenty-two remember a man of principles. Verse twenty told of the divine creation of man in the moment design. "We" refers to God. "You" refers to all – man. It is a humble reminder origins of man and not be arrogant and negligent in the life of the future.
21. What we introduced
In a place of rest
Firmly fixed
Analysis: From the moment of conception in verse twenty years, remembers the time when the fetus is maintained and developed in the uterus, in verse twenty-one. "A place of rest" is a metaphor to describe the warmth, comfort and growth in silence in the womb. "Absolutely fixed" in the third line is a metaphor for protection and unwavering to the exact time is determined which leads to verse twenty-two years. The period about nine months and ten days is the gestation period. During prenatal and postnatal life, there is beautiful and pleasant adjustments to the scales that we are unconscious. Therefore, you must turn in the love and gratitude to God.
22. During a period (of gestation)
Undecided?
Analysis: Time in the uterus is found that nearly nine months and then ten days is the time when man facing the world. Twenty-two lines, "said one of the specified period of gestation, when the man remains in the uterus. About twenty to twenty-two are in the past.
23. As we determine
Us
They are the best to determine (things)
Analysis: The word "for" is repeated twice in this verse. The word "choice" is repeated twice. "We" which refers to God is repeated twice. Twenty-three to tell you that Allah determines the birth of the man and he rightly determines death of man. Twenty-three verses is in the present tense is timeless and universal. Maybe life in the womb, compared to life after birth, is an allegory of life in our practice in relation to the eternal life to come.
24. Alas for the day!
For the unbelievers!
Analysis: This warning is repeated to the unbelievers for the third time in verse twenty-four.
25. We did
The land (as applicable)
To answer
Analysis: The verses vingt-twenty-five to seven then take man to look at the earth as a place where life and death occurs, which leads to another as the verse suggests twenty-three. Twenty-five to twenty-seven verses point to the creative activity of God and therefore their existence. "Article" as defined in the "land" and "an" undefined "A place". The vingt-twenty-five to seven verses as a matter of time.
26. The living and the dead
Analysis: The life and death occur in the earth. The earth is a place where death and life, decay and growth, corruption and purification are pushed together – one often leads to another. "Clause" within the meaning of "live" and "death." The verse is the verse twenty sept twenty to six, which tells how a God who created so that something is not alive can give something to someone who is alive.
27. And the very fact
Mountains stance
Sublime (Size);
And always for you
Freshwater (and healthy)?
Analysis: Twenty-seven lines, "said one of the creative activity of God and therefore its existence when it is clear that the mountains, hard, solid, high-high – they are able to distribute or provide the man with the pure delicious water, like rivers and freshwater sources. The conjunction "and" is used twice in rows one and four. Metaphor to describe the mountains as a "strong man (height), suggests that these mountains are hard, solid and high altitude or high. The word "authentic" suggests pure and untouched by man. If wisdom and power of God can do much to us, therefore we can not reject the teachings of a wonderful future life after death. Twenty-five to twenty-seven verses are past.
28. Unfortunately that day;
One of those who cried!
Analysis: This warning to the unbelievers is repeated for the fourth time.
29. (He will say:)
Go to
What I used to reject
How false!
Analysis: The verses twenty-nine to thirty-three are in the form of expression of the word of Allah said the man from hell. Verses twenty-nine to thirty-three are descriptions of hell. "Ye" is used to describe non-believers – those who reject the truth are invited to go to hell.
30. "Go into the shadows
(To smoke ascending)
In three columns,
Analysis: Verses Thirty to thirty-three said that awaits him in hell. "Three Columns", suggests that smoke completely surrounds sinners. Sinners instead of remaining in soft costs, they only see the hell fire and smoke in the shadows of three columns to the right, left and above.
31. (What yields) no shade
In cold blood, and
It no use cons
The fierce Blaze.
Analysis: The verse said a thirty and more Hell. These shadows "smoke" is mentioned in verse thirty paces freshness. "Flame! In the fifth line is a metaphor suggesting that the size and Hellfire fear. In fact, there is no comfort or cold.
32. "In the hangars on the fact
Sparks (large), forts,
Analysis: The verse thirty-two said that "flame! "Mentioned in verse thirty-one throws sparks in this area are enormous." kicking "is an idiom. The metaphor "Sparks (large) as strong, "suggests that sparks as big as buildings or to appear on an explosion in the air.
33. "As if there were no
(A string of) yellow camels
(March quickly). "
Analysis: The verse thirty-three is another metaphor sparks describing in verse thirty-two "flame" mentioned in verse thirty-one. Sparks is so great jump on the buildings. Also described as "a series of yellow camels running quickly." "Yellow", describe the color of fire, "string" and "go fast" for describe the length, continuity and endless. Thus, the verse thirty-three leads a metaphor indicating the color and long term, the rapid succession of sparks fire. Smoke sparks can also take fantastic forms like camels with long necks. Verses twenty-nine to Thirty and three are in the future.
34. Oh, that day,
For the unbelievers!
Analysis: This warning to the unbelievers is repeated for the fifth time.
35. This will be a day
When he is not
Be capable speak
Analysis: The verse thirty-five described, moreover, that the Day of Judgement "" The disbelivers not able or allowed speak.They was stunned and unable to produce a valid defense or reason. The facts speak too strongly against them.
36. Nor
Available to them
Apologize.
Analysis: The verse thirty-six begins with the word "Not" Non-believers are not allowed to speak as mentioned in verse thirty-five, nor be allowed to make excuses for their misdeeds Judgement day. The word "reasonable" is often used in court. Thus, in this case, Yusuf Ali Abullah has used the language of the law. Towards thirty-five thirty-six are in the future.
37. Unfortunately that day;
A falsehood!
Analysis: This warning is repeated to the unbelievers for the sixth time.
38. This will be a day
The Judgement! Let
Collect it
And those before (you)!
Analysis: Verse thirty-eight said that "we" or Allah will gather all, and "those before you, which means" ancestors on the Day of Judgement and sinners receive punishment. You can use all your wisdom and your ancestors, but you will not be able to win Allah and His plan.
39. Now if you
A trick (or plot)
Use it against me!
Analysis: The verse thirty-nine challenges the wisdom of the ancestors of humans and rights as mentioned in verse thirty-eight, but nobody will be able to win Allah and His wisdom. The prophets were conspiracies against the conspiracies against Allah. Anxious to draw against Allah. They destroy their leaders have done. Verse thirty-eight and thirty to nine is in the future.
40. Oh, that day
For the unbelievers!
Analysis: The warning to the disbelievers is repeated for the seventh time.
SECTION 2
41. Once the Righteous
Will be in the middle
(Cool) shades and springs
(For water).
Analysis: forty verses forty-one-to three descriptions of Paradise. Verse begins forty-one Article 2 of this Surah. "They" refer to believers or rectum and in opposition to "infidels" who "will be rewarded by "cool shades and water sources." This is in contrast with the three shades of smoke for sinners who do not give the freshness or the protection of Hell.
42. And (you)
Fruit – all what I want.
Analysis: The forty-two verse begins with the conjunction "and" to continue with the description of the reward for believers. The believers will be rewarded with an abundance of fruit.
43. "Eat and drink
For the contents of your heart:
For whom I worked
(Justice).
Analysis: The forty-three verses is the word of Allah saying, "Ye" believers to eat fruits chin to forty-two and drink the water source is mentioned in verse forty-one. The language "for the content your heart" in the second line shows what you want. The conjunction "for" is used, followed by the effect of righteousness is the reason for the reward mentioned forty verses in one-to forty-three. Forty Signs One-to Three-forty is in the future tense.The fruit of justice is joy in this life and supreme happiness in life follows.
44. We indeed
Reward those who do good.
Analysis: The forty-four verse begins with the conjunction "and" and this verse emphasizes the fact that the forty verses one-to forty-three is the reward of Allah grant to the believers. To forty-four is time This is timeless and universal.
45. Unfortunately that day;
A falsehood!
Analysis: This warning is repeated to the unbelievers for the eighth time.
46. (Oh unfair!)
Eat and enjoy
(But) a bit of time
Why sinners.
Analysis: The verse addresses forty-six sinners to eat and enjoy everything for a while on earth, that is, before the Day of Judgement. "You" refers to sinners. The conjunctions "but" and "" are used in lines three and four. Sinners are asked to believe and repent. But if they do, even for the good things of this life end the evil in the next life. Verse Forty-six in the present.
47. Ah Ah, that day,
One of those who cried!
Analysis: This warning is repeated to unbelievers for the ninth time.
48. And when he said
For them, "Prostrate yourselves!"
They do not.
Analysis: The conjunction "and" the verse begins forty-eight. This verse contains a speech of Allah told the man to bow before Him in humility – "is bow! But the unbelievers do. "They" and "them" refer to the infidels. Prostration is a symbol of humility and desire to approach God in prayer. Verse forty-eight today.
49. Until day
For the unbelievers!
Analysis: warning to infidels is repeated in the tenth and last time in this Surah.
50. If What message
After this
Do you believe?
Analysis: The fifty verse is the last verse of this Sura. Fifties verse begins with the conjunction "and after". " that "in the second line is a pronoun anaphoric reference to the message that was given in this Surah everything is clear and clear guidance that "they" refuse to accept the unbelievers. They refuse to believe in the direction ends fifty Quran.Verse the question of the disbelievers what else could believe or accept the truth. The verse is fifty in the future.
CONCLUSION
In Surah Al-Mursalát taken from the version translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, the distinctive features that include various aspects of this Surah in particular, is that this sura is divided into two sections. The beginning of the second section clearly – SECTION 2. Each verse is number one after the other and each line begins with a capital letter.
For example, forty-one verse marks the beginning of Section 2. Article 2 is clearly just before forty a verse. Each line of the verse begins with a capital letter. The two sections are in this Surah:
i) lines from one to forty
ii) The forty verses one-to fifty
Each of the two sections of this Surah has been scrutinized to detect linguistic features that were present through a stylistic analysis. A variety of different linguistic features were found. Here are some examples of linguistic features in this surah are:
Sixteen to eighteen verses describe the law of Allah, which is timeless and universal immutable. Allah is the law sin Corruption and prepares its own destruction. about sixteen said one of the sinners of the past that God had destroyed. sixteen lines the time has passed. seventeen verse says one of the sinners of the future God will destroy him. Seventeen is about the future. eighteen verse says one of the sinners Today, they are also destroyed by God. to eighteen are now which is timeless and universal. In the three verses: "We" is used to refer to God. nineteen verse is a warning to the infidels. This warning is repeated for the second time in this verse and is repeated ten times in sura whole that defines the importance of your message. For seventy-seven years Surah Al-Mursalát, taken from the version translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Surah is organized into 2 sections: a) to Verses 1-40 and b) 41-50. Each section is analyzed separately.
As regards the language and style changes the first section (verses1-40), the English language seems to be classical, adult religious classes, the polite language. The word "you" instead of giving the effect the English classic. For example, in verse seven "you" is used.
The medium is the written language, but it contains the Word of Allah the infidels. For example, in verses twenty-nine to thirty-three, there are representations of the activity of speech.
The text is explicit. By example, about twenty to twenty-two led to the description of conception, pregnancy and childbirth described in more polite language.
The domain is the language education to believe in Allah and the Day of Judgement. For example, in the verses of fifteen, nineteen, twenty-four, twenty-eight, thirty-four, thirty-seven and forty years. In verse thirty-six, the field is the language of the right to use the word "reasonable".
It is accessibility in the description sparks of fire of hell "Sparks as large as the strong" And "A line of yellow camels running quickly." Readers familiar with words as strong and camels that provide a vivid picture in verses thirty-two and thirty-three years.
As regards the language and style changes the second section (verses 41-50), the classical language is English, adults, religious, class, educated language.The the word "you" instead of giving you the English sense classic. For example, in about forty-three, you "is used.
The media is written, but it contains the word of Allah to the unbelievers. For example, in the verse that God forty-eight ordered them to prostrate themselves, but they do not.
The text is explicit, except for the verse of forty-eight, when the infidels against Allah, prostrating themselves to Allah not make this disobedience tenor impolite and informal.
In verse forty-eight, there is no order or warrant of a slightly different form of language teaching. The domain is the language of instruction to believe in Allah and the Day of Judgement with ten times repeating the same warning in the whole sura. For example, in verses forty-five, forty-seven and forty-nine years.
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About the Author
I am, at present, a Lecturer in the English Department at the British University in Egypt — El Shorouk City, Cairo. I am a U.S. citizen with a PhD in English Literature and Applied Linguistics-Stylistics, as well as a master’s degree and a postgraduate teaching diploma in Teaching English as a Second Language. I have taught both in the United States and abroad.
My research is in the field of using English language translations of the Quran as material for the teaching of English language and literature to non-native English speakers. I have done extensive work in this area since 1992, and I have accumulated many case studies and classroom observations. Starting from the experience of substituting sections from the Quran for the standard classroom text, I have employed various pedagogical approaches to teaching the Quran as literature — questionnaires, stylistic analysis, comparative studies of different English language translations, linguistic analysis of verses, and so on. I have also organized a forum on this topic with experts in the field.
In doing all of this, my intention was not to look at the religious value of the verses, but at the literary value that is so abundant in both the English language translations and the original. I have been able to prepare a number of articles based on the data from my classroom experiences. I would like to share my research-based findings internationally.
Michael Beschloss – Lincoln’s Courage on Slavery