1984 book review new york

1984 book review new york

Organic soil fertility management, production of improved rice

SOIL ORGANIC paddy fertility FOR IMPROVING THE PRODUCTION AND GENERATION INCOME Less: Expenditure met in a model of paddy in Orissa
AK Panigrahix1, TR Sahoox2 SA Beherax3 and NK Swainx4
SUMMARY:
Green Revolution entered the country in the sixties to meet food demand and the total grain crop of Rabi. The consequences This revolution is alarming disaster. The lack of humus soil has lost its ability to retain water, the parasites have gained enormous strength pesticides. Indian rice fields add more or less over 37.8 metric tons of methane, a greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. The Food and groundwater contaminated by pesticides.
The deterioration of environmental contamination of food and water require a paradigm shift chemicals for farming. With the increasing demand for food, reduced holdings of agricultural land and the exodus of farming communities from villages to cities away from agriculture, organic farming alone will not suffice. The new technique developed is known as Agriculture sustainable, where soil fertility, crop yields and pest control are served along with the protection of environment. This method of agriculture is in harmony with nature. The article examines three ex situ experiments on the above topics are discussed together with the costs and benefits and highlights making agriculture sustainable.
INTRODUCTION
More than six decades, Sir Albert Howard explained the nature of soil fertility in his famous book, An Agricultural Testament "as weak. The nature of soil fertility can be understood if one considers the relation with the cycle of nature. To study soil fertility, one must know the system of natural labor and research approaches are closely related with this topic. We look at fertility soil as they would study a business where profit and loss account should be taken in combination with the equilibrium position concern, and management method. We must consider the wood, not the individual tree. The same thing applies to soil fertility. He said the soil is fertile with a lot of humus. If soil is poor in humus, the volume of the pore space is reduced, soil aeration is inhibited, not enough organic matter to soil population, drops of ground equipment, supplies oxygen, water and dissolved salts which need root hairs is reduced synthesis of carbohydrates and proteins in the green sheet produced at a rate slower growth is affected.
Agricultural chemicals, impact analysis;
Then came the war and the war ended sooner than expected, resulting in the accumulation stocks of surplus war material related mainly composed of nitrogen and phosphorus exploxive. Comprehensive approach to agriculture has changed in the case of population growth and changes in materials and life sciences. New seeds are produced and taken to improve production food, which soon became popular in densely populated countries like India, China, countries of South-Eastern Asia and Japan. Surplus Chemicals war have been converted into compounds called artificial chemical fertilizers. The seeds, popularly known as "the seeds of the Green Revolution" or " miracle seeds "have been developed for the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers and artificial water
produce more food. Thus was born the monoculture at the expense of biodiversity and agricultural resources such as water falls.
Four decades of Green Revolution in India The situation is pathetic, humus soil general has become inadequate, too hard and has no pores for holding air and moisture. This floor houses are more beneficial microbes, but the pathogens and eggs of pests, requiring excessive use of synthetic pesticides. The impacts of these agricultural chemicals, chemicals and artificial fertilizers and synthetic pesticides are observable. No data has been published by agencies of India and the United States Environment Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA found in 1991 that provided estimates of emissions methane from rice fields in India amounted to 37.8 metric tons per year, reflecting the rice farmers in India, more than the accumulation green global greenhouse gas emissions such as methane is also considered a greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, India put more emphasis is now attached to change conventional agriculture and not to keep the rice limited to 47 percent of all arable land. Use artificial fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers always invite pests and agricultural applications of pesticides, particularly synthetic pesticides. The disastrous consequences of the use of synthetic pesticides for decades are now clearly observable. There is an increase of pesticide resistance in pest species and disease-causing microbes at the expense of beneficial organisms such as insects (bees) and birds scavengers (vultures). Reports of poor harvests are also linked to physical changes in soil conditions. Reports methane emissions are evidently due to the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers such as urea. Reports of the presence of pesticides agricultural groundwater (bottled water and soft drinks) are undoubtedly due to its excessive demand and deteriorating profits. There are people in the villages dying after drinking water from shallow tube wells in Orissa (Chakulia, Balasore, 2005).
HYPOTHESIS
Thus, it was considered essential to find a solution to both improve crop yield through increased fertility of soil organic without further deterioration of their situation and to keep pathogens and pests remotely using natural pest repellents, pesticides, Botanical and use of biological control methods. But most importantly, according to Sir Howard to make an assessment of the loss of profits, what makes a company profitable culture room for future situations as resources for retirement, including contract farming and the exodus of communities farming villages to cities have successfully thwarted. In India, agriculture is a business of millions of years and Sir Howard has to be changed West Is an expert an expert. The population increases dramatically, but the arable land is decreasing. Farmers are committing suicide because of bad crops. Should be a shift of the quasi-totality of agriculture right now. Modern agriculture must be sustainable, ie, in harmony with nature. With targets in mind the authors have been experimenting with the main crop in Orissa, rice is both in Kharif and Rabi.Methodology of approach, implementation, monitoring and cost-effectiveness of three of these ex situ experiments, one of the two Rabi and Kharif others are provided below.
Material and Methods Comment:
Experiment-1: Rabi 2003 -04
Name and address of the farmer – Sri Surendra Nath Patra, Vill-Dharampur, Fulwar Kasba, Balasore, Orissa.
Soil type – alluvial deltaic
The rice type (VAR) – Lalat (ORS-26-2014-4) Qualifications recognized – Duration: 125-130 days.
Grain type: East * Delgado, grain yield per hectare: 40 quintals (as in the case)
Experimental Unit Area: 1 acre
The origin of clean seed, the farmers saved (OS)
No. SL. The activities associated Chemical Control RS RS. Organic R
1. Cost Seed OS 0.00 OS 0.00 OS 0.00
2. Preparation of seed 2HL bed 100.00 2HL 100.00 2HL 100.00
1BL 80.00 1BL 80.00 1BL 80.00
3. Ist culture Tractor 600.00 Tractor 600.00 Tractor 600.00
(2 hours) (2 hours) (2 hours)
4. Manure Not applicable Not applicable 2 tons 0.00
(II)
5. 6 HL puddling 300.00 6HL 300.00 6HL 300.00
2BL 160.00 2BL 160.00 2BL 160.00
6. Basal application Gromor Nil 700.00 Give me 70 kg MOP 1QT cake. 100.00 kg 400.00 20 Azolla 0.00
(II)
7. Transplantation 35HL 1,750.00 40 hl 2000.00 35 HL 1750.00
8. Intercultural 5HL 250.00 7HL 350.00 5 HL 250.00
9. a top) ist dressing Urea Nil Give me Cake
12 kg 60.00 50 kg 200.00
RP cow urine
6 kg 30.00 250 lts. 0.00 (II)

b) 2nd topdressing Urea Nil
10 kg of urine cow 50.00
RP 250 liters. 0.00 5 kg 25.00 (II)

10. Pesticide application Nil 400.00 200.00
(appln bait.)
11. Irrigation (total) 250.00 250.00 250.00
12. Cutting harvest 15hl 750.00 18HL 900.00 15hl 750.00
13. Trilla 10hl 500.00 13HL 650.00 10hl 500.00
14. Nil 100.00 150.00 Miscellaneous
(Pest Management)
15. Total cost (Rs.) 4740.00 6855.00 5690.00
16. a.Yield grain 12.7qntls. 20.2qntls 23.5qntls
@ Qntl 520/-per @ 520/-qntl @ 520/-qntl
6604.00 10504.00 12220.00
b.Yield of 25.07qntls 15.85qntls 29.47qntls straw
@ 80 / @ 70 -= 1268.00 / 1755.00 -= @ 80 / -= 2358.00
17. The total return (in terms of rupees.) 7,872.00 12,259.00 14578.00
18. Net profit 3,132.00 5,404.00 8,888.00
19. Report cost-benefit (17/15) 1.66 1.788 2.562
Experience -2: Kharif 2004-05
Name and address of farmer: Raghunath Barik, Bhimpur
Soils: alluvial type coastal culture: HYV Paddy (Pooja) (recently introduced)
Experimental unit area: 1 Acre Seed Source: Seeds, saved Farmer himself (0S)
No. SL. The activities associated Chemical Control RS RS. Organic R
1. Seeds cost OS 0.00 OS 0.00 OS 0.00
2. Preparation Seed bed 2HL 100.00 2HL 100.00 2HL 100.00
1BL 80.00 1BL 80.00 1BL 80.00
3. Tractor Farm Ist
2hrs 600.00 2hrs. 600.00 2hrs. 600.00
4. Manure Not applicable Not applicable 2 tons (II) 0.00
5. Puddling 6HL 300.00 6HL 300.00 6HL 300.00
2BL 160.00 2BL 160.00 2BL 160.00
6. Basal application NIL Gromor Give me Cake
70 kg 700.00 1.5q 600.00
RP Sesbania
20 kg 100.00 10 kg 110.00
BF 500gm. 100.00
VC 5 qntls.
(II) 0.00
7. Transplantation 35HL 1750.00 40hl 20,000.00 35HL 1750.00
8. Intercultural 8HL 400.00 10hl 500.00 8HL 400.00
9. Composting bacterial Ist Nile urea fertilizer
12 kg 60.00 250 g 50.00
2.5qntls compost RP.
6 kg 30.00 (1.1) 0.00
10. 2nd top dressing of urea fertilizer bacterial Nil
10 50.00 250 kg 50.00 g
2.5qntls compost RP.
5 kg 25.00 (1.1) 0.00
11. Nile pesticide application Total 400.00 (1.1) 0.00
12. Crop cut 15hl 750.00 18HL 900.00 15hl 750.00
13. Trilla 10hl 500.00 13HL 650.00 10hl 500.00
14. Several Nil 100.00 150.00
15. Total costs involved (in Rs.) 4,640.00 6,755.00 5,700.00
16. a. Grain yield 16.50qntl. 8580.00 21.9qntl. 11,388.00 22.10qntl. 11492 / —
b. Straw yield 22.10qntl 1768.00 27.5qntl 1925.00 29.4qntl 2352 / —
c. The total return (in Rs.) 10,348.00 13,313.00 13,844 / —
17. Net profit 5,708.00 6,558.00 8,144 / —
18. Cost-benefit (16c/15) 2.23 1.971 2.429
Status of soil fertility on crops at different stages.
Plot N (kg / ha) (kg P / ha) K (kg / ha)
Subiah and Asija, 1956 Olsen acetate method of ammonium (potassium permanganate in alkaline medium)
Initial 45DAT after 45DAT After initial After initial 45DAT
Harvest Harvest
Control 511.9 499.4 426.49 50.00 44.6 15.2 312.0 300.8 200.25
Chemistry 511.9 561.2 520.57 50.00 52.2 26.16 312.0 346.6 241.9
Organic 511.9 560.7 564.4 50.00 43.7 18.24 312.0 336.8 251.32
Experiment. 3. Kharif 2004-05
Name and address of farmer: Sri Pitamber Jena,
Al-Mangalpur, PO-Chengdu-Mangalpur, Via-Bhimda, Dist, Mayurbhanj (Orissa)
Soil type: sandy loam
Type of crop: Paddy (VAR) Kasturi
Seed Source: Purchased by another farmer (PI)
(7.5 kg at 5 / – per kg = Rs. 37.50p)
Knowing the potential yield of the variety (Kasturi) ± 20 quintals per hectare (chemistry)
Land: 30 decimal (100 decimals = 1 acre)
Ingredients of the application:
1. Sesbania (Dhanicha) seed at 12 kg / acre = 3 kg 600gm @ rs. 11 / – 1 kg = rs. 39.60p)
2. Give me cake 150kg/acre kg @ 45 @ = R. 4/-kg = Rs 180.00
3. Urine cow barn soaked Floor @ 4 kg per hectare = 1.2 quintals (inside entrance)
4. The cow urine liters twice fresca@7.8 week for 6 weeks (internal input)
5. Home made compost pile – 2 cars (II)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sesbania seeds were planted in the soil after the first culture and grow until the pre-blooming when, after the ground has been plowed and plants were incorporated into the soil as well as Give me cake, soaked the soil of cow urine and homemade compost barn. Topsoil farmland has become a paste made of earth and plants Sesbania, Give me cake, soaked in urine of cows shed soil, compost homemade and standing water (enough to create a state of clay). Let stand overnight. The field was transplanted rice seedlings, two days later. Subsequently, the field was weeded regularly and fresh cow urine applied at regular intervals to add more * potash ground.
[* The authors found that the fresh cow urine is a rich source of potassium in the provision of useful plants and improve fruiting.]
NOTE:
1. Soil samples were collected at different stages of the study of fertility conditions soil and NPK values were observed.
Study sample N (kg / ha) P (Kg / ha) K (K / ha)
Initial 283.7 42.6 168.3
45 DAT 458.2 45.8 273.6
75 DAT 462.1 39.9 260.1
After harvest 393.6 35.2 254.7
2. Grain yield at harvest 8.5 bushels (@ 28.33 quintals per hectare-or-70 kg per hectare)
3. Straw yield at harvest: 9.9 kilos (@ 32.9 quintals / ha)
Index Cost-Benefit:
1. Total expenditure: RS. 1317.10
A. Ingredients: (purchased)
i. Cost of seed rice: Rs 37.50
II. Cost of Sesbania seed: RS. 39.60
III. Cost of meal Give me RS. 180.00
B. Work:
i. The seedbed preparation 1 HL: RS. 50.00
II. Culture IST 1 BL: RS. 80.00
III. Puddling I BL: Rs 80.00
IV. Transplantation 10 HL: RS. 500.00
c. Intercultural 1HL: RS. 50.00
VI. 4 HL slash: Rs 200.00
VII. Trilla 2HL: RS. 100.00

2. Total proceeds from the sale of performance:
i.Value grain
8.5 quintals @ 600 / – per quintal =: Rs 5100.00
Survey II on straw
9.9 quintals quintals 80/-per @ =: RS. 792.00
———————
AR total. 5892.00
3. Cost of services (2 / 1) = 4.47

Abbreviations used:
HL = Employment Rights, Labor Bullock BL = RP = potassium chloride, N = Nitrogen (total) P = Phosphorus (available), K = potassium (available), II = internal input, PI =- purchased inputs, BF = bacterial Feriliser VC = Vermicompost.
x1 – Principal Investigator, UGC MRP Agricole, FM (Auto) College, Balasore (Orissa) 756001
X2 – Project Associate, UGC MRP of ecological agriculture FM (Auto) College, Balasore (Orissa) 756001
x3-Research Associates, PPBSA-Navdanya Ranipatna, Balasore (Orissa) 756001.
x4 – Co-Investigator, UGC MRP Agriculture Ecological FM (Auto) College, Balasore (Orissa) 756001
RECOGNITION:
The authors thank the University Grants Commission Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-2 and the Fund Navdanya, A/60 Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16 for action by the funds received from them in achieving the ex-situ studies and evaluations on field laboratory.

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Author is an avid natrure analyst,has worked on & written books,research papers and short & large articles on several aspects of the nature such as farming,forest,food and water etc.

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